About The Deadly Tangshan Earthquake

About The Deadly Tangshan Earthquake At 3:42 a.m. on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the sleeping city of Tangshan, in northeastern China. The very large earthquake, striking an area where it was totally unexpected, obliterated the city of Tangshan and killed over 240,000 people - making it the deadliest earthquake of the twentieth century. Fireballs and Animals Give Warning Though scientific earthquake prediction is in its nascent stages, nature often gives some advance warning of an impending earthquake. In a village outside of Tangshan, well water reportedly rose and fell three times the day before the earthquake. In another village, gas began to spout out the water well on July 12 and then increased on July 25th and 26th. Other wells throughout the area showed signs of cracking. Animals also gave a warning that something was about to happen. One thousand chickens in Baiguantuan refused to eat and ran around excitedly chirping. Mice and yellow weasels were seen running around looking for a place to hide. In one household in the city of Tangshan, a goldfish began jumping wildly in its bowl. At 2 a.m. on July 28, shortly before the earthquake struck, the goldfish jumped out of its bowl. Once its owner had returned him to his bowl, the goldfish continued to jump out of its bowl until the earthquake hit.1 Strange? Indeed. These were isolated incidents, spread across a city of a million people and a countryside scattered with villages. But nature gave additional warnings. The night preceding the earthquake, July 27-28, many people reported seeing strange lights as well as loud sounds. The lights were seen in a multitude of hues. Some people saw flashes of light; others witnessed fireballs flying across the sky. Loud, roaring noises followed the lights and fireballs. Workers at the Tangshan airport described the noises as louder than that of an airplane.2 The Earthquake Strikes When the 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Tangshan at 3:42 a.m. on July 28, over a million people lay sleeping, unaware of the disaster that was to befall them. As the earth began to shake, a few people who were awake had the forethought to dive under a table or other heavy piece of furniture, but most were asleep and did not have time. The entire earthquake lasted approximately 14 to 16 seconds. Once the quake was over, the people who could, scrambled out into the open, only to see the entire city levelled. After an initial period of shock, the survivors began to dig through debris to answer the muffled calls for help as well as find loved ones still under rubble. As injured people were saved from under the rubble, they were lain on the side of the road. Many of the medical personnel were also trapped under debris or killed by the earthquake. The medical centers were destroyed as well as the roads to get there. Survivors were faced with no water, no food, and no electricity. All but one of the roads into Tangshan was undrivable. Unfortunately, relief workers accidentally clogged the one remaining road, leaving them and their supplies stuck for hours in the traffic jam. People needed help immediately; survivors could not wait for help to arrive. Survivors formed groups to dig for others. They set up medical areas where emergency procedures were conducted with the minimum of supplies. They searched for food and set up temporary shelters. Though 80 percent of the people trapped under rubble were saved, a 7.1 magnitude aftershock that hit in the afternoon of July 28 sealed the fate for many who had been waiting under the rubble for help. After the earthquake hit, 242,419 people lay dead or dying, along with another 164,581 people who were severely injured. In 7,218 households, all members of the family were killed by the earthquake. Corpses were buried quickly, usually close to the residences in which they perished. This later caused health problems, especially after it rained and the bodies were again exposed. Workers had to find these impromptu graves, dig up the bodies, and then move and rebury the corpses outside of the city.3 Damage and Recovery Before the 1976 earthquake, scientists didnt think Tangshan was susceptible to a large earthquake; thus, the area was zoned an intensity level of VI on the Chinese intensity scale (similar to the Mercalli scale). The 7.8 earthquake that hit Tangshan was given an intensity level of XI (out of XII). The buildings in Tangshan were not built to withstand such a large earthquake. Ninety-three percent of residential buildings and 78 percent of industrial buildings were completely destroyed. Eighty percent of the water pumping stations were seriously damaged and the water pipes were damaged throughout the city. Fourteen percent of the sewage pipes were severely damaged. The foundations of bridges gave way, causing the bridges to collapse. Railroad lines bent. Roads were covered with debris as well as riddled with fissures. With so much damage, recovery was not easy. Food was a high priority. Some food was parachuted in, but the distribution was uneven. Water, even just for drinking, was extremely scarce. Many people drank out of pools or other locations that had become contaminated during the earthquake. Relief workers eventually got water trucks and others to transport clean drinking water into the affected areas. After the emergency care was given, the rebuilding of Tangshan began almost immediately. Though it took time, the entire city was rebuilt and is again home to over a million people, earning Tangshan the name Brave City of China. Notes 1. Chen Yong, et al, The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster (New York: Pergamon Press, 1988) 53.2. Yong, Great Tangshan 53.3. Yong, Great Tangshan 70. Bibliography Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, 1999. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 1998. Yong, Chen, et al. The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988.

Union vs. Nation essays

Union vs. Nation essays There are many controveries inbetween weter or not the united states was was to be considerd a nation or a union. the whole union nation debate came into play during the time right befor the civil war the noth and south were having problems on agreeing with everything so eventualy the south decided to sessede from the union. Which the noth found to be unconstitutional and illigale. the southenres were outraged at the alligatoins coming from the noth and still felt they had every right to leave the union. The northerners were still very upset over the whole thing and were astoished that the south would illigaly leave the union. Which i find funny considering during the revolutionary war it was illigale for them to do exactly what the south is doing. The shouth stood by there deffence that the departure from the union was NOT illigale considering that there were no laws prohibiting them form leaving. Because they belived themsevels to be a UNION nothing more they felt that it was not there obligation to take part in the norths and Abrahm Lincons dreams for an American exceptionalism nation. As where the noth felt they clearly stated that that was the goal from the begining of tier forfathers and the documents they wrote such as the Articels of Confederation and the constitution. Thats what i fell was the whole problem with this debate. The erly government documents were too vauge and gave soo much power to the states which is why i fell, while the union should have stuck it out and stived for the greatness the northeners were thinking about, also had no comitment at all to the othe states in the union. I fell that if the articales of confederation would have more clearly stresed nation insted of union as it dose then the norths point would hold some granger but seeing that allt it talks about is union this state that the south souldnt have been ridiculed and charged with braking a law Another document that states nothing about ...

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example An auditor who works for a mid size firm takes on the assignment of auditing Telechubbies for the first time based on information that is provided to the auditor by Rachel Jones, the financial controller of Telechubbies. The basic information given to the auditor is that there is a requirement to maintain a 2:1 debt to equity ratio based on a loan contract. The provision for inventory obsolesces is 10% which is was cut 100 per cent from the previous year’s levels and the company wants another 100 per cent reduction this year to bring it down to 5%. A third piece of data given is that the long term receivables in the books belong to an R&D company owned by one of the directors. The auditor would start this audit by inspecting the balance sheet, income statement, annual report, code of ethics, and physical warehouse of Telechubbies. The balance sheet requires special attention. This financial statements has the data to calculate the debt to equity ratio. The auditor needs to inspect that the company is complying with the 2:1 requirement. After verifying the metric the auditor should go back a few years and compare the current debt to equity ratio level to the last three years results to find any tendency in the metric that might place the contract at risk in the near future. The company recently changed its inventory obsolescence provision to 10%. The auditor has to immediately verify if this changed was notified to the shareholders in the financial statements in the form of a note to the financial statements. This change represent a new discrepancy in the way the accounting methods thus it must be notified for purposes of following the accounting principle of consistency. The desired to cut the provision down to 5% requires certain numerical and physical auditing procedures. The long term receivable information is a worrisome sign since lending money to a company that is owned by a company director

Methods of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of communication - Essay Example As for culture, this has been characterized as ‘a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behavior; it refers to coherent groups of people whether resident wholly or partly within state territories or existing without residence in any particular territory’. In accordance with the above definition, culture can be a severe obstacle to communication in case that the attitudes or the values of the people involved are different. The elimination of this differentiation is a task that requires a significant amount of time and intensive effort by the interested parties – with no guarantee that the relevant attempt will be successful. In fact the study of Lalonde et al. showed that there are ‘predicted differences in beliefs about PC between members of social groups based on gender ideology and sexual orientation while more conservative views (e.g. right-wing authoritarianism, modem prejudice) would be associated with a belief in a PC movement and endorsement of a PC crusader stereotype’. In other words, political correctness is very likely to operate as a barrier to communication attempts – though this assumption could be more applicable when referring to groups than to individuals. In the same way, personal tendencies can be a barrier to communication especially under the influence of the following circumstances: a) a negative event of the past leads the person to avoid communication, b) the person’s environment (family, school) does not promote communication and so on.

NEDM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

NEDM - Essay Example The room – temperature experiment was carried out in Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) and the final results from this research were published in 2006.3 4 A thorough discussion of the experiment’s apparatus and flow process are included in this review. Ultra-cold neutrons are utilized in the room-temperature experiment; these are generated by the UCN turbine. To begin the process, UCNs ‘entered the apparatus from the lower right (as indicated by the red arrow in Figure 1) and flowed upwards to the polarizer foil’.8 Harris described the UCNs behaviour as similar to ‘a diffuse gas’.9 He further explained, Those of the correct spin passed through the foil and continued to rise until they reached the storage bottle at the heart of the apparatus. The bottle was located in a 10 mG (1 ÃŽ ¼T) vertical magnetic field; four layers of mu-metal were used to shield out external fields, including that of the Earth. After a filling period of about 20 seconds, the neutron door was closed, and the Ramsey sequence was applied to the trapped neutrons. The door was then opened, and the neutrons fell back down to the polarizer, which then acted as an analyser. Those in the original spin state could pass through and down to a gaseous 3He neutron detector (the curved guide tube from the source having been moved aside in favour of a vertical guide leading to the detector). Neutrons of the â€Å"wrong† spin state, which bounced off the polarizer, were counted in their turn by employing a fast-passage adiabatic spin flipper to reverse the direction of the spins of the neutrons in the guide tube just above the polarizer: this spin flipper consisted simply of a solenoid wrapped around the guide tube, situated in a region of magnetic field gradient, to which a high-frequency (20 kHz) alternating current was applied.10 The time needed to process each batch of neutrons takes about

Successful Marketing Strategy of Colgate

Successful Marketing Strategy of Colgate To develop a marketing strategy is a vital for any business because it is a procedure in which an organization concentrate its limited resource on the opportunities to increase sales and get the best from it as an advantage . For that one needs to keep in mind that only a customers satisfaction should be a main goal for ones. Marketing strategy should be centered around the key concept that customer satisfaction is the main goal. In each and every organization whether it is public or private organization, should be able to consider some strategic marketing approach so as to be ensured competitive position in the market place. One of the most marketing aspects of marketing is marketing strategies nowadays because marketing strategy is the term which is generally preferred to promotions. Marketing Strategy is a vital contributor to the satisfaction of the customer needs and wants. (Shimp, 2003) Marketing strategy approach is a way to capture a niche in the consumer market The marketing strategy is a mix consists of five major modules of communication like advertising, sales promotion, public relations and publicity, personal selling, and direct marketing (Neumann Sumser 2002). An identified Sponsor pay Advertising form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services. Sales promotion is a variety of short-term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service. Public relations and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a companys image or its individual products. Personal selling is a face-to-face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions, and procuring orders. Direct marketing is the use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, or Internet to communicate directly with or solicit a direct response from specific customers and prospects (Goldberg Mc Calley, 1992). Introduction Colgate was found in the United States 200 years ago. For the half of the years its business was focused only the. It is marketing its products in more than 200 countries and territories under some internationally recognized brand names as Colgate, Ajax, Palmolive, Softsoap, Some Hills Science diet products. Colgate Palmolive is leading product consumer product company focused on Oral care, Household care, Personal care and many more. Today Colgate-Palmolive is $9 billion Company. Colgate is famous for having a long history of strong relationship with its retail trade partners. This Company delights consumers around there world with a an array of Oral Care, Home Care, Personal Care, and Pet Nutrition products. Small stores around the world are just important to Colgate as large ones. Behind the success of Colgates brands are carefully developed business and marketing strategies. Based on consumer and shopper insights, the Company works closely with local merchandisers and shop owners to offer a relevant assortment of products and merchandising services to get high visibility in each store. .. Overview:- 1806 Colgate was originated with a small business of starch, Soap and candles form Dutch street, New York by William Colgate. 1817 The first Colgate advertisement was appeared in US newspaper. 1820 Colgate establishes a starch factory in New Jersey. 1866-1873 Colgate introduced perfumed soap and toothpaste in jars. 1896 Colgate introduced toothpaste in collapsible tube. 1900 In the world fair of Paris, Colgate won top honors for its products like soaps and perfumes. 1902 Stylish Palmolive Advertisement begins. emphasizing ingredient purity and product benefits . 1906 Colgate Company celebrates its 100thanniversary. Product line includes over 800 different products. 1908 Colgate is incorporated by the five sons of Samuel Colgate. 1911 Colgate distributes two million tubes of toothpaste and toothbrushes to schools, and provides hygienists to demonstrate tooth brushing. 1912 William Mennen introduces the first American shaving cream tube 1914 Colgate established its first international subsidiary in Canada 1920 Colgate establishes in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa. 1928 Colgate merge with Palmolive -Peet and became Colgate- Palmolive- Peet Company. 1930 On March 13, Colgate is first listed on the New York Stock Exchange 1939 Dr. Mark L. Morris develops a pet food to help save a guide dog named Buddy from kidney. 1947 Ajax cleanser is launched, establishing powerful now-global brand equity for cleaning products. 1953 Colgate -Palmolive company becomes an official name for the company. 1956 Colgate opens research center in Piscataway, NJ. Fabric conditioner is launched in France as Soupline. Today, fabric conditioners are sold in over 54 countries around the world. 1966 Palmolive dishwashing liquid is introduced and today it is sold in over 35 countries. 1968 Colgate toothpaste adds MFP Fluoride, clinically proven to reduce cavities. 1970 Irish Spring launches in Germany as Irische Frà ¼hling and in Europe as Nordic Spring. In1972, Irish Spring is introduced in North America. 1972 Colgate acquires Hoyt Laboratories, which later becomes Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals. 1975 Caprice hair care launches in Mexico. Today, hair care products are sold in over 70 countries, with variants to suit every type of hair need. 1976 Colgate-Palmolive acquires Hills Pet Nutrition. Today Hills is the global leader in pet nutrition and veterinary recommendations. 1983 Colgate Plus toothbrush is introduced. Today over 1.6 billion Colgate toothbrushes are sold annually worldwide. If you lined them up end to end, they would circle the globe 16 times. 1985 Protex bar soap is introduced, and today offers all-family antibacterial protection in over 56 countries. Colgate-Palmolive enters into a joint venture with Hong Kong-based Hawley Hazel, a leading oral care company, which adds strength in key Asian markets. 1986 The Chairmans You Can Make A Difference Program is launched, recognizing innovation and exceptional excellence by Colgate people. 1987 Colgate acquires Soft-soap liquid soap business from the Minnetonka Corporation. Today, Colgate is the global leader in liquid hand  soap. 1989 Annual company sale surpassed the $ 5 million mark. 2006 Colgate purchased Toms of maine and entered fast growing naturals segment. Today Colgate with sales Surpasses $ 15 million, focuses on all Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care, Pet Nutrition. Situational Analysis (SWOT ) Situation Analysis Internal Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  External Analysis Strengths  Ã‚   Weaknesses Threats Opportunities   SWOT Analysis is a simple framework for generating strategic alternatives from a situational analysis. The Swot analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities and threats. Strength can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage and weaknesses may hinder it. SWOT Analysis of Colgate -Palmolive:- Strengths:- Brand image is very strong Cash flow-to-sales is free In America market share is approximately half of 100%, It is going very strong in Asia and Europe. Weaknesses:- All Products are recalled It is highly leverages Very low innovation or a follower Opportunities To grow globally oral hygiene market Increasing Spanish people in the US To grow in India, Asian market by tapping personal care. Threats The label growth is private Commodity prices are increasing. A large number of competitors are increasing. Differential advantage / Competitive edge (USP) Strategy USP (Unique Selling Proposition) developed by Rosser Reeves, the advertising heart of New York, Madison Avenue. One of the companies being regarded and honored as one of the global producer of various products especially for personal hygiene is the Colgate-Palmolive With a view to promoting their oral products to their target market, the company has been able to use various marketing strategies approaches. In line with above the line promotions, the company uses television, radio and newspaper advertisements and many more. In addition, the company also promotes their products in famous magazines and internet banner ads as well. It can also be said that Colgate-Palmolive also uses via-the-line promotion approach. This is done by considering a via the line communication approach. The company does this by hiring an advertising agency which helps them to make a better advertising campaign for their products. It can be said that or In a general sense, advertising is being utilized to be able to impart to the consumers the availability of a particular product or service. Colgate-Palmolive pursued a multipronged marketing strategy to support the introduction of Irish Springs reformulated bar and liquid soap. In order to introduce a wide audience to its new image and latest product offerings, Colgate-Palmolive aired television commercials for both products and ran print ads in a variety of magazines. Furthermore, the company especially concentrated on free-standing inserts and product sampling to convince consumers to try the updated Irish Spring. Coupons were an essential aspect of the relaunch of Irish Spring bar soap. In order to make these coupon ads eye-catching, the company included a four-leaf clover shape that could be scratched off-like a lottery ticket-to reveal a savings amount applicable to the product. Appelbaum, Cara, Colgate Tests Its First Deodorant, Irish Spring,  Brandweek,  April 1, 1991. Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (STP) 1) Market Segmentation: The process in which the market is divided distinct subsets of consumers with common needs and selecting many different segments to target with a distinct marketing strategy Levels of market segmentation:    1. Mass Marketing: provides the same product to all consumers like Salt.    2. Segment marketing: provides different products to many segments.    3. Niche Marketing: provides many unique different products but to sub segments    4. Micro-Marketing: it provides product for individual choices. For example, the are different types of shampoo , Colgate is manufacturing including for flat hair , shampoo and conditioner,, dry hair , color treated hair, etc. It shows us that they are implementing segmented marketing concept. 2) Market Targeting:- It is a group of customers that the business  has decided to aim its marketing  efforts and ultimately its merchandise. Geographic:- It depends on region, population, factor, urban conditions etc. On this basis for example, Colgate introduces a sun screen ingredients which protect from sun rays. Demographic:- It comprise age, gender, income , life cycle of family and education. For example young people do not go for hair color treatment. Psychographic:- it depends on persons thinking and what are the Personality characteristic of him. It is a difficult marketing segmentation to implement because sometimes market may not aware of there life style of there people.   Behavioral:- It consists two things a) The benefits desired from the product. b)The rate at which customer is using product. It can be applied on Colgate, the benefits from there toothpaste product are no plaque, no cavities, fresh breath, very low price , good quality and white teeth. 3) Market Positioning:- It means the process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its  product,  brand, or organization. The Colgate people have tried to sustain themselves through tough competition and hard work. Media and advertisement are also responsible to create an image of the Company in the eyes of its customers and competitors. Marketing Objectives and Goals:- SMART Objectives:- The purposes of SMART objectives include: To enable a company to  control  its marketing plan. To help to motivate individuals and teams to reach a common goal. To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization. A simple acronym used to set objectives is called  SMART objectives.  SMART stands for: SMART Goals:- As far as the strategic plan is concerned, the shold be a both kinds of goals like short-term and long term goals. Detailed production, financial and marketing plans usually back these both types of goals. Figure 1.  Elements of a strategic plan Short-term goals Figure 2.  SMART characteristic of effective goals and their work 4 Ps of Marketing 4-P of Marketing  (Borden, 1953) is the fundamental base in the Marketing studies. It can be compared to the Einsteins theory of relativity in Quantum Mechanics. 4 P of marketing is often called as Marketing Mix, because it has the right marketing recipe to successfully launch a product. 4 P of marketing stands for: Product:  Product is any tangible object or any service (intangible) that is manufactured or created to satisfy the consumer needs. It has to have the product variation and the differentiation for different markets. Also the products must be reviewed time to time for its obsolesce and must be discarded with the view of market needs known as product elimination. Similarly, with growing market needs and evolving consumer tastes, companies must innovate their products (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). Price: Price is the amount of money that is paid by the customer to seller which varies on different distribution channel (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). Several factors have impact while determining the price of the product or service, which are an organizations market share, the number and strategy of the competitors, the raw material costs and most importantly the perception of the product value in the eyes of the customer. There are various pricing methods used by Organizations currently Cost recovery Pricing:  Cost recovery pricing Is the pricing method followed by marketers such that they recover the cost of the product and put a small profit margin on it to finalize the pricing of the product. For example some firm incurred the cost of $100 per product they would like to have a profit of $20, then the pricing will be $120. Penetration Pricing:-  Penetration Pricing is the pricing method, in which the price is decreased abruptly so to penetrate the market and achieve greater market share. Company with deep pockets when entering a new market often practices this pricing, at times the price may be lower than the cost of the product. The profitability can be achieved later due to monopolistic situation or by cross selling their other products (Kotler, 2003). Price skimming:  Price skimming is the pricing policy adopted by the organization so that they first launch the new product at very high price so that early adopters can buy the product and then they subsequently decrease the price to get late bloomers buying the product. This pricing is practiced mostly by technology firms and is observed with the launch of new products. Place:   Place represents the location where a consumer can buy the product. It can be a physical store where the consumer can visit or can be a virtual store like a website on internet .It is often referred as distribution channel as it actually is the channel through which the product is received by the consumer (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). A place can be utilized for direct as well as indirect selling. And the place can often take the shape of e-commerce altogether. Promotion:  Promotion is a communication means adopted by the marketer to communicate about the product, brand or organization to the consumers. Promotion has following four distinct elements. Advertising, personal Selling, Public relations and Sales Promotion, which can be used as such or can be used in combination to promote the product (Pride Ferrell, 1983). Conclusion: In Conclusion, Colgate Company is a typical market oriented company, operating in more than 200 countries. They are providing many new employee oriented programs both for senior level and entry level people. They are aware of their social and ethical responsibilities. They are managing the consumer and business market in an effective manner. They face their competitors and feel proud to take it as a challenge. They feel pride in making their customers happy. They know how to conduct their business in international communities. They maintain levels of the CRM at the company to ensure good customer support. The way they have proved themselves in consumer, business and international markets, they still have a high aim to attain more and more. Bibliography (with references):- Armstrong G, Kotler P (2010), Marketing: An Introduction. 10th end New Jersey. Appelbaum, Cara, Colgate Tests Its First Deodorant, Irish Spring,  Brandweek,  April 1, 1991. Goldberg Mc Calley, 1992 Houghton Mifflin ,John Wiley. (Kotler, 2003), Kotler P (2003) Kotler Armstrong, 2010 Neumann Sumser ,2002 Prentice Hall Pride W M, Ferrell O.C (1983) Marketing: Basic Concepts and Decisions. Texas. Shimp, 2003 Schultz D E, Tannenbaum S, Lauterborn R (1992) Integrated Marketing Communications. Illinois. NTC Publishing url= url=http://www.learnmarketing.net/ url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/32849771/Marketing-strategies-of-Colgate url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/30225401/Colgate-Palmolive-Marketing-Project#fullscreen:on url=http://www.solidpapers.com/collegepapers/Marketing/10625.htm url=http://www.wikiswot.com/SWOT/3_Consumer_Packaged_Goods_(CPGs)/Colgate-Palmolive.html url= http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/06/marketing-campaign-analysis-of-.html .

NAT :: essays research papers

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 address. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually one address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade. The increasing use of NAT comes from a number of factors. The major factor is that there is a world shortage of IP addresses. As the Internet has grown, assigning perfectly good network addresses to private networks came to be seen as a waste. Under the Network Address Translation (NAT) standard, certain IP addresses were set aside for reuse by private networks. In addition to reducing the number of IPv4 addresses needed, NAT also provides a layer of obscurity for the private network, because all hosts outside of the private network observe communication through the one shared IP address. NAT is not the same thing as a firewall or a proxy server, but it does contribute to security. NAT also succeeds in the ease and flexibility of network administration. It can divide a large network into several smaller ones by exposing only one IP address to the outside, which means that computers can be added, removed, or have their addresses changed without impacting external networks. Other benef its include Protocol-level protection, Automatic client computer configuration control, and Packet level filtering and routing. In using NAT, hosts on the Internet appear to be communicating directly with the NAT device rather than with the actual host inside the private network. Inbound packets are sent to the NAT device's IP address and the device changes the destination packet header from its own Internet address to the private network address of the true destination host. The result is that, in theory, a single globally unique IP address is used for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of privately addressed hosts. In practice, however, there are drawbacks. For one thing, many Internet protocols and applications depend on the network being truly end-to-end, with packets forwarded entirely unmodified from the source to the destination.

Lean Management

LEAN IN PRODUCTION AND SERVICE The word term ‘’LEAN’’ was put together to describe and personalize Toyota’s business activity during the 1980’s by a research team headed by one Jim Womack, Ph. D. , at MIT’s international Motor vehicle programme. According to them, the concept of ‘LEAN’ was fathered by Taiichi Ohno of Toyota. Ohno developed a contrasting approach to the mass production methods of US car firms through necessity. Later, in 1996, Jim Womack’s team espoused the five lean principles and also lean tools that they believed were the secret for Toyota’s success. According to Oxford dictionaries, Lean means efficient and with no wastage. The core idea of lean is to minimize wastage and at the same time maximize customer value. Customer value is of utmost importance to a lean organization and the organization will focus on its key processes to continue increasing the value. Ultimately, the goal is to provide the perfect value creation process that has no wastage. To accomplish this value creation and zero wastage goal, lean thinking changes the focus of a management from optimizing separate technologies, assets and vertical departments to optimize the flow of products and services through entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets and department customers. By reducing or eliminating waste along the entire stream of value, we will be able to come up with processes that would need less effort, less space, reduced capitals and reduced time in order to make products and services at prices far less than normal and with fewer defects. Organizations will be able to be responsive towards changing customer needs and wants with a lot of variety, higher quality, reduced costs and with less throughput times. Information management will also be much simpler and much more accurate. Lean management is a concept which can be applied in every business and every process. It should not be compared with a cost reduction program or tactic because it is a way of thinking and acting that applies to the whole organization. Nowadays, it is common that businesses across all industries and services, including the health care and even governments around the world are applying the concept of lean as the way they think and operate their business. Many of these organizations does not use the word lean out of choice and tend to label their practices as their own system, such as the Toyota Production System or the Danaher Business System. It is done to instill a point that lean is not a simple programme or a short term ost reduction solutions, but the way the company operates. the term ‘Transformation’ or ‘lean Transformation’ are usually used to characterize a company that is moving from an old way to a lean thinking way. this transformation requires a complete transformation on how a company usually conducts their business, thus, requiring long term perspective and perseverance through the changing time. It is also interesting to note that the concept of lean in production and servic e has the touch of one of the greater management thinkers, W. Edwards Deming who had great influence in Japanese manufacturing. He believed that the present manufacturing scenario is a prison of interacting people and stressed the importance of re-inventing the management processes in order to achieve higher efficiency and value. In implementing lean in production or services, I will be following the concept espoused by Womack’s team that stressed on three important business issues that will be able to guide the transformation process of an entire organization into a lean organization. In order to achieve lean objectives in an organization, it is important first of all to note that the organization and the people leading the transformation need to have a lean vision. In order to develop this lean vision, we can concentrate on three fundamental business issues which are Purpose, Process and People. By thinking deeply into these three aspects, a lean implementer can try to answer critical questions on the vision of the organization. If we are able to answer the key questions that I have associated with each of the aspects, I believe that we can develop a vision for lean implementation in our organization. The questions would be:- 1. purpose what are the customer problems will the organization try to solve in order to achieve their own purpose of prospering? 2. Process: how will the organization assess each major value stream devised to make sure each step in the value stream is valuable, capable, available, adequate and flexible? 3. People: how will the organization ensure that every important process in the value stream has someone responsible for continually evaluating it in terms of business purpose and also lean process? How will everyone involved in the value stream be engaged actively in the process of operating it correctly and continually improving it? As for the next step that I would take, it would be on the possible implementation of the core lean principle into my organization. This, I believe would involve the core of lean which is basically waste reduction. Usually, in an organization including production and service oriented organizations, we can find seven basic types of waste, which I am listing below. ? Producing goods and services beyond the immediate need of the customers. Unnecessary movement of products due to poor layout planning. ? Wasted motions when working. ? Time idling and wastage. ? Implementing processes that are unimportant to finish a product. ? Poor inventory management. ? Many defects in the finished product or output. Usually, waste will be present in any activity that does not add any value to the finished product or services. By trying to eliminate waste, the materia l velocity will be increase drastically. This means products will reach the customers hand in a very quick manner. This is an advantage because it delivers high strategic advantages beyond the obvious cost savings. Bad quality will be eliminated and lead times are shortened effectively. Eliminating waste can be considered as a strategic goal in service oriented and manufacturing oriented organizations. As I have mentioned before, elimination of waste will ensure increase in strategic advantages such as increased income and increased customer satisfaction. In adapting lean processes and services, we may be confronted by some constrains and challenges. The adaptability of lean depends on the nature of our business. We have to remember that there is a vast difference in between the service and production industries, and it lies in the source that creates the variation that causes waste to happen. Logically, manufacturing operations are far more controllable compared to service industry, because of its laboratory like settings compared to the service industry. Uncertainty usually does result from material and labor inputs, but we can still anticipate those uncertainties and take steps to control it to a great extent. For example, Toyota, pioneer in lean management is production/manufacturing based organization, and the employees, product esign and the production tools are usually under the control of the operations to a great extent, rendering it easier for implementers to anticipate uncertainty and implement the efficient lean management. In contrast, service organizations operate in a vast sea of uncertainty and risks and when uncertainty is present, it is much harder to anticipate and control variability that will be present together with it, For example, a project management company. We know that each project that the company will receive or implement will be different in nature. The volatility of the service industry, in particular a project management company, requires that lean management principles is implemented on a case by case method, i. e. different implementation and methods for different projects. This nature of the service industry is contributed by a few causes. Let's look at these causes one by one:- ? Uncertainty in task times. It is the nature of service products that the execution of each and every service delivery has some uniqueness. Taking the example of the project management company, each project taken may not be similar to each other, thus making it difficult to judge the task time needed. This variability in the service industry leads to a negative exponential distribution of task times. This simply means to say that most of the tasks execution will fall within a tight range, and some execution will take a longer time. Considering airplane boarding as another example, there is uncertainty present in the sense that it will take different amount of time among different groups of customers to board the plane. ? Uncertainty in demand. While there are ways to forecast demand in service industry, we can’t claim that it is 100% perfect. Usually, manufacturers buffer this forecast uncertainty with some finished goods inventory, but this is not the case in the service industry for example, we can forecast that reservations for a hotel will increase during peak seasons but it depends on many other fluctuating factors. Sometimes it is very hard to predict the demand of individual customer. As an example, a wedding planner essentially does planning job for customers wedding, but this lanning differs based on customer preferences, budget and also other factors. This uncertainty renders each wedding and the process that the organization goes through to put together the wedding, a unique one. ? Customers' production roles. As we can see from both the uncertainties above, we can summarize that it has much to do with customers. This is because typically, customers have some role to play in the production of a service, w e introduce variability based on how well we perform our roles. Customers almost always have to provide some information to the service agents to initiate service, and we usually have some tangible tasks to perform. So, as I have already stated it before, this condition create unique situations that needs personal implementations of lean in order to make sure wastage is reduced and value is delivered to each individual customers. Lean implementation involves finding solutions that will be able to offset the challenges and difficulties that we may face in our organization to achieve a successful outcome that will support a competitive operations strategy. Professors Kent Bowen and Steven Spear (HBS DBA '99), drew on a framework of 4 principles of the Toyota Production System that they believed will reduce the constrains, difficulties and challenges to a minimum in order to enjoy leaner productions and service. The framework contains 4 easily implement able rules:- Rule no. 1: all work should be highly specific as to content, sequence, timing and outcome. Rule no. 2: every customer-supplier connections must be direct, and there must be an unambiguous yes or no ways to send request and receive responses. Rule no. 3: the pathway for every products and services must be simple and direct. Rule no. 4: any improvements must be made in accordance with the specific method, under the guidance of a teacher, at the lowest possible level in the organization. Basically, my plan for a successful implementation of lean depends on the 4 rules given above, but I am going to give it some twist with adding some additional techniques that I feel would encourage faster and easier ways to overcome challenges faced by organizations implementing lean. I am going to add a three step initiative taken by Wipro, an Indian software developer, which can boost the implementation of lean, which are:- †¢ Abolish Hierarchies. Devise a bottom-up organization that allows many people to have a field-wide view of the process to spot problems and identify efficiencies. †¢ Continuous Improvement. Using â€Å"kaizen† initiative. Encouraging organizational level knowledge sharing through effective and efficient work improvement. †¢ Lean Tools. Use of tools specific to the process based on lean principles which can be utilized to pinpoint wasted time and effort. A combination of both these initiatives, I believe can lead to a lean flow which will be the tool that I would utilize to mitigate the challenges that can be faced during lean implementation. Drawing up a process flow chart that represents each step that a product/service would go through is essential. It is advisable to represent these sequential processes graphically in a flow chart. This is the first step towards an error and waste free production. For each and every products or processes that are present in the process flow charts, another level of details is required. This involves the task-level work with associated , with associated work-content times, with associated work-content times, quality verifications and worker qualifications. We can also produce a product/process matrix with products on the vertical axis and processes on the horizontal axis. At every intersection of product and process, this matrix, or spreadsheet should be recording the total reasonable validated work times that has been devised. We must also be able to calculate Takt. Takt is a German word which basically mean beat, pace or rhythm. Businesses, especially service oriented business must march to the beat of the customers and we must keep up with our customers pace.. Takt, can be calculated as, work time per day divided by customer requirements per day. This calculation represents how often each process must be performed, and at what capacity level, to take care of your customer’s needs and demands and be able to meet it as soon as possible. In order to have sustainable lean benefits, the implementation of lean must bridge the gap from project to project and also business practices. Quality documents procedures, policies and measures must reflect and drive Lean as a way of life. This will ensure success in reducing waste. Planning and procurement drives daily lean execution. Lean manufacturing is more responsive, with shorter lead time and greater mix and volume flexibility. We must be able to change our planning to take full advantage of lean. Bibliography Womack. J. P, Lean Enterprise Institute Inc. 2009, What Is Lean (Online) Available at: http://www. lean. rg/WhatsLean/ (Accessed 20th October 2009) Ahlstrom, P (2004) ‘Lean service operations: translating lean production principles to service operations’ International Journal of Services Technology and Management, Vol 5, nos 5-6 pp545-564 Spear and Bowen 1999 ‘Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System’ Harvard Business Review Sept-Oct Womack, J. P. and D. T. Jones 1996 ‘Lean Thinking’ New York, Simon & Schuster. Taylor: FW 1998 ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ Dover Publications: New York. First published in 1911 Ohno, T 1988 ‘Toyota Production System’ Productivity Press: Portland, Oregon. Translated from Japanese original, first published 1978 David McPhetrige, 2009, An industry consultant provides guidance on implementing a basic Lean plan. MPO magazine. (Online) Available at: http://www. mpo-mag. com/articles/2009/09/meeting-the-challenges-of-lean-flow (Accessed on 21st October 2009) Hanna. J, 2007, Bringing ‘Lean’ Principles to Service Industry. Harvard Business School (Online) Available at: http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/5741. html (Accessed on 21st October 2009)

The Generalist vs. The Specialist

The Generalist vs. The Specialist The Generalist vs. The Specialist The Generalist vs. The Specialist By Colin One of the biggest problems facing modern day freelance writers is whether to spread out and write on a variety of subjects, or whether to specialise in markets they are able to â€Å"expert† in. It’s a problem both for established writers as well as those starting out, because while it may be the route to job satisfaction for one writer, it may also be the road to a life of boredom for another. One thing for certain is that both generalising and specialising have equal pros and cons, which should all be considered before attempting to switch from one to the other. A lot of writers choose to begin their careers by marketing themselves generally, and then making the gradual move to working in more specialised fields, but it is not uncommon for specialist writers to go in the other direction so they can broaden their portfolio, or if they have explored every avenue, to seek out new areas in which they may wish to specialise. In this article we will explore further the benefits to writing in both fields in more detail. The General Writer Writing general articles across a broad spectrum of subjects is an excellent way for new freelancers to gain experience. It allows for never ending opportunities in the type of work taken on, and it means the writer can spread their wings and try new things without the fear of restriction. It also means they can ditch what doesn’t work in favour of what does if they feel it isnt working out. Once a few writing gigs have been successfully completed, a new writer’s portfolio can quickly grow, and when the chance for higher paying gigs or the option of specialisation present themselves, the writer will have a healthy clippings folder from which to choose from in order to boost their chance at bagging their next big gig. Generalisation means a writer is totally unrestricted to most kinds of work other than, of course, specialised fields, and it also affords the writer an extremely enjoyable way to make a living. Moving from subject to subject, researching new and topics, and exploring new ideas, means every day in the freelancer’s life will never be dull. It’s a marvelous way to meet new and interesting people, and to broaden one’s horizons. This of course can present its own problems when it comes to the time it takes to carry out this research and turn articles around, so be wary of taking on new subjects under tight deadlines. And finally, after working within the general field of freelance writing a writer will discover exactly what subjects turn them on, and what ones hold them back. It is an excellent way of discovering what areas may be considered if a move to specialisation is favoured. Experiences gained writing generally can often help the writer decide which areas to specialise in at a future date. The Specialist Writer Specialist freelance writing calls for a different kind of writer, either one who already is a specialist in a particular field, maybe after having come to writing from another industry, or for those writers who have exhausted themselves generally and now wish to narrow the markets in which they write. Freelance writers who specialise are often able to create a niche for themselves within a particular market, which although may sound restrictive, can have many benefits. Among these is the opportunity to class yourself as an expert, meaning people, and more importantly editors, will take you more seriously. If an editor takes you seriously as a talented writer who knows a particular topic inside out, he or she is going to be more inclined to keep using you as a source of articles – provided you meet their deadlines and publication requirements. This in turn means more work, and eventually, an ongoing relationship with an editor or publisher, which is something every freelance writer dreams of – a steady source of income. Establishing yourself as a guru and making a name for yourself also opens up many doors when it comes to self-publicity. A successful freelance specialist writer can use this background to market him or herself through other websites of a similar nature, thus cementing their reputation. As with general freelance writing, specialisation also means a writer has a never ending source of markets to choose from. Where your career lies will depend on what your specialist knowledge is, so it is important to choose those subjects in which you know best, and feel you could talk about for hours on end. Some writers refuse to specialise citing the lack of exposure to new markets as their main foible, but for those who do, there are as many who say that writing in a field they feel passionate about gives them the opportunity to be able to expand even further on their knowledge. And for any specialist writer, the questions that must first be asked are; what do you know well, where do your main interests lie, and can you write about these things on an on-going basis and keep it interesting? No matter how you choose to further your career in freelance writing one thing is always certain – it’s a fascinating and liberating way of life. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past"Latter," not "Ladder"Inspiring vs. Inspirational

Charlotte Brontë, 19th Century Novelist

Charlotte Brontà «, 19th Century Novelist Best-known as the author of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « was a 19th century writer, poet, and novelist. She was also one of the three Brontà « sisters, along with Emily and Anne, famous for their literary talents.   Dates:  April 21, 1816 -  March 31, 1855Also known as: Charlotte Nicholls; pen name Currer Bell Early Life   Charlotte was the third of six siblings born in six years to the Rev. Patrick Brontà « and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontà «. Charlotte was born at the parsonage in Thornton, Yorkshire, where her father was serving. All six children were born before the family moved in April 1820 to  the 5-room parsonage at Haworth on the moors of Yorkshire that they would call home for most of their lives. Her father had been appointed as perpetual curate there, meaning that he and his family could live in the parsonage as long as he continued his work there. The father encouraged the children to spend time in nature on the moors. Maria died the year after the youngest, Anne, was born, possibly of uterine cancer or of chronic pelvic sepsis. Maria’s older sister, Elizabeth, moved from Cornwall to help care for the children and for the parsonage. She had an income of her own. The Clergymen’s Daughter’s School In September of 1824, the four older sisters, including Charlotte, were sent to the Clergy Daughters’ School at Cowan Bridge, a school for the daughters of impoverished clergy. The daughter of writer Hannah Moore was also in attendance. The harsh conditions of the school were later reflected in Charlotte Brontà «s novel,  Jane Eyre. A typhoid fever outbreak at the school led to several deaths.  The next February, Maria was sent home very ill, and she died in May, probably of pulmonary tuberculosis. Elizabeth was sent home late in May, also ill. Patrick Brontà « brought his other daughters home as well, and Elizabeth died on June 15. Maria, the eldest daughter, had served as a mother figure for her younger siblings; Charlotte decided she needed to fulfill a similar role as the eldest surviving daughter. Imaginary Lands When her brother Patrick was given some wooden soldiers as a gift in 1826, the siblings began to make up stories about the world that the soldiers lived in. They wrote the stories in tiny script, in books small enough for the soldiers, and also provided newspapers and poetry for the world they apparently first called Glasstown.  Charlotte’s first known story was written in March of 1829; she and Branwell wrote most of the initial stories. In January of 1831, Charlotte was sent to school at Roe Head, about fifteen miles from home. There she made friends of Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor, who were to be part of her life later as well.   Charlotte excelled in school, including at French. In eighteen months, Charlotte returned home, and resumed the Glasstown saga. Meanwhile Charlottes younger sisters, Emily  and Anne, had created their own land, Gondal, and Branwell had created a rebellion. Charlotte negotiated a truce and cooperation among the siblings. She began the Angrian stories. Charlotte also created paintings and drawings – 180 of them survive.  Branwell, her younger brother, got familial support for developing his painting skills towards a possible career; such support was not available to the sisters. Teaching In July of 1835 Charlotte had an opportunity to become a teacher at Roe Head school. They offered her a tuition-free admission for one sister as payment for her services. She took Emily, two years younger than Charlotte, with her, but Emily soon became ill, an illness attributed to homesickness.   Emily returned to Haworth and the youngest sister, Anne, took her place. In 1836, Charlotte sent some of the poems she had written to England’s poet laureate. He discouraged her pursuit of a career, suggesting that because she was a woman, she pursue her â€Å"real duties† as a wife and mother.  Charlotte, nevertheless, continued writing poems and novellas. The school moved in 1838, and Charlotte left that position in December, returning home and later calling herself â€Å"shattered.† She had continued to return to the imaginary world of Angria on holidays from school, and continued writing in that world after she moved back to the family home. Shattered In May of 1839 Charlotte briefly became a governess. She hated the role, especially the sense she had of having â€Å"no existence† as a family servant. She left in mid-June. A new curate, William Weightman, arrived in August of 1839 to assist the Rev. Brontà «. A new and young clergyman, he seems to have attracted flirting from both Charlotte and Anne, and perhaps more attraction from Anne. Charlotte received two different proposals in 1839.  One was from Henry Nussey the brother of her friend, Ellen, with whom she’d continued to correspond. The other was from an Irish minister. Charlotte turned them both down. Charlotte took another governess position in March of 1841; this one lasted until December. She returned home thinking she’d start a school. Her aunt Elizabeth Branwell promised financial support. Brussels In February of 1842 Charlotte and Emily went to London and then Brussels.  They attended a school in Brussels for six months, then Charlotte and Emily were both asked to stay on, serving as teachers to pay for their tuition. Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. In September, they learned that the young Rev. Weightman had died. But they had to return home in October for a funeral, when their aunt Elizabeth Branwell died.  The four Brontà « siblings received shares of their aunt’s estate, and Emily worked as a housekeeper for her father, serving in the role their aunt had taken.   Anne returned to a governess position, and Branwell followed Anne to serve with the same family as a tutor.   Charlotte returned to Brussels to teach. She felt isolated there, and perhaps fell in love with the master of the school, though her affections and interest were not returned.  She returned home at the end of a year, though she continued to write letters to the schoolmaster from England. Charlotte moved back to Haworth, and Anne, returning from her governess position, did the same. Their father needed more help in his work, as his vision was failing.  Branwell had also returned, in disgrace, and declined in health as he increasingly turned to alcohol and opium. Writing for Publication In 1845, a quite significant event that started small happened: Charlotte found Emily’s poetry notebooks.   She got excited at their quality, and Charlotte, Emily and Anne discovered each others’ poems. The three selected poems from their collections for publication, choosing to do so under male pseudonyms. The false names would share their initials: Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. They assumed that male writers would find easier publication. The poems were published as Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell in May of 1846 with the help of the inheritance from their aunt.   They did not tell their father or brother of their project.  The book only initially sold two copies, but got positive reviews, which encouraged Charlotte. The sisters began preparing novels for publication. Charlotte wrote the Professor, perhaps imagining a better relationship with her friend, the Brussels schoolmaster.   Emily wrote   Wuthering Heights, adapted from the Gondal stories.   Anne wrote Agnes Grey, rooted in her experiences as a governess. The next year, July 1847, the stories by Emily and Anne, but not Charlotte’s, were accepted for publication, still under the Bell pseudonyms.   They were not actually published immediately, however. Jane Eyre Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre and offered that to the publisher, ostensibly an autobiography edited by Currer Bell.   The book became a quick hit.   Some surmised from the writing that Currer Bell was a woman, and there was much speculation about who the author might be.  Some critics condemned the relationship between Jane and Rochester as â€Å"improper.† The book, with some revisions, entered a second edition in January 1848, and a third in April of that same year. Clarification of Authorship After Jane Eyre had proven a success, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey also were published.   A publisher began advertising the three as a package, suggesting that the three â€Å"brothers† were really a single author.   By that time Anne had also written and published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Charlotte and Emily went to London to claim authorship by the sisters, and their identities were made public. Tragedy Charlotte had begun a new novel, when her brother Branwell, died in April of 1848, probably of tuberculosis.   Some have speculated that the conditions at the parsonage were not so healthy, including a poor water supply and chilly, foggy weather. Emily caught what seemed to be a cold at his funeral, and became ill. She declined quickly, refusing medical care until relenting in her last hours.   She died in December.   Then Anne began to show symptoms, though she, after Emily’s experience, did seek medical help.   Charlotte and her friend Ellen Nussey took Anne to Scarborough for a better environment, but Anne died there in May of 1849, less than a month after arriving.   Branwell and Emily were buried in the parsonage graveyard, and Anne in Scarborough. Returning to Living Charlotte, now the last of the siblings to survive, and still living with her father, completed her new novel, Shirley: A Tale, in August, and it was published in October 1849.   In November Charlotte went to London, where she met such figures as William Makepeace Thackeray and Harriet Martineau. She traveled, staying with various friends.   In 1850 she met Elizabeth Glaskell. She began corresponding with many of her new acquaintances and friends.   She also refused another offer of marriage. She republished Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in December 1850, with a biographical note clarifying who her sisters, the authors, really were. The characterization of her sisters as the impractical but caring Emily and the self-denying, reclusive, not so original Anne, tended to persist once those impressions became public.   Charlotte heavily edited her sisters’ work, even while claiming to be advocating truthfulness about them.   She suppressed the publication of Anne’s Tenant of Wildfell Hall, with its portrayal of alcoholism and a woman’s independence. Charlotte wrote Villette, publishing it in January of 1853, and split with Harriet Martineau over it, as Martineau disapproved of it. New Relationship Arthur Bell Nicholls was the Rev. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s curate, of Irish background like Charlotte’s father was.   He surprised Charlotte with a proposal of marriage.   Charlotte’s father disapproved of the proposal, and Nicholls left his post.   Charlotte turned down his proposal initially, then began secretly corresponding with Nicholls.   They became engaged and he returned to Haworth.   They were married on June 29, 1854, and honeymooned in Ireland. Charlotte continued her writing, beginning a new novel Emma. She also took care of her father at Haworth. She became pregnant the year after her marriage, then found herself extremely ill. She died on March 31, 1855. Her condition was at the time diagnosed as tuberculosis, but some have, much later, speculated that the description of symptom more likely fits the condition hyperemesis gravidarum, essentially an extreme morning sickness with dangerously excessive vomiting. Legacy In 1857, Elizabeth Gaskell published The Life of Charlotte Brontà «, establishing the reputation of Charlotte Brontà « as having suffered from a tragic life.   In 1860, Thackeray published the unfinished Emma.     Her husband helped revise The Professor for publication with the encouragement of Gaskell. By the end of the 19th century, Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work was largely out of fashion. Interest revived in the late 20th century.   Jane Eyre has been her most popular work, and has been adapted for stage, film and television and even for ballet and opera. Two stories, The Secret and Lily Hart, were not published until 1978. Family Tree Mother: Maria Branwell (April 15, 1783 – September 15, 1821); born in Cornwall. Mother: Anne Crane, whose father was a silversmith. Father: Thomas Branwell, prosperous merchant in Penzance. Maria became a teacher when her parents died.Father: Patrick Brontà « (March 17, 1777 – June 7, 1861); born in Ireland; ordained August 10, 1806; poor   Anglican  clergyman. Studied at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he changed the spelling of his last name from Brunty. Published poet. Parents: Eleanor McCrory and Hugh Brunty.   (Surname originally mac Aedh Ó Proinntigh)Maria Branwell and Patrick Brontà « married December 29, 1812.  Siblings:Maria Brontà « April 23, 1814 – May 6, 1825Elizabeth Brontà « 1815 – June 15, 1825Patrick Branwell Brontà « June 26, 1817 – September 24, 1848 – usually called Branwell to distinguish him from his father, also PatrickEmily Jane Brontà «Ã‚  July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848Anne Bront à «Ã‚  January 17, 1820 – May 28, 1849Aunt who helped raise the siblings: Elizabeth Branwell (December 2, 1776 – October 29, 1842), Maria Branwell’s sister Education Clergy Daughters School, Cowan BridgeRoe Head School, Desbury MoorPensionnat Heger, Brussels Marriage, Children Husband: Arthur Bells Nicholls (married June 29, 1854; Anglican clergyman)Children: none; Charlotte died during her first pregnancy Books by Charlotte Brontà « Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton BellJane Eyre: An AutobiographyShirley: A TaleVillete Posthumous Publication The Professor: A TaleThe Twelve Adventurers and Other StoriesLegends of Angria: Compiled from the Early Writings of Charlotte Brontà «Emma (unfinished)The Poems of Charlotte Brontà « (annotated and enlarged)The Unfinished Novels Books About Charlotte Brontà « Brontà «s at Haworth: The World Within. Charlotte, Anne and Emily Brontà «, published 1993.  Four Brontà «s: The Lives Works of Charlotte, Branwell, Emily Anne Brontà «: Lawrence and Elisabeth Hanson, 1967.

Best and Worst Educational Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best and Worst Educational Experience - Essay Example In fact, it has always been my least favorite subject. Going through school, I often wondered why I needed to do so many English related tasks, and in wondering, I learned to detest the subject without realizing its future benefits. I suppose my dislike for the subject has become greater through the eighteen some years that I have been learning the different components of the English language. It was more like I was learning new things - things that I did not learn at home or in pre-school - like reading, writing, and grammar. It felt good to finally know how to read and write. These were things that once I learned them, I was using them everyday. Not only did I use the knowledge to read a story in reading class or to do a writing assignment, but to maybe read the newspaper and write a note to a friend as well. However, then came junior high school. I believe this was when I began to really dislike English classes. Not only was I faced with the same long, boring grammar assignments that I was exposed to in elementary school, but I also had to start reading long books on topics that didn't really excite me.

Important Communication Advices for a Newly Engaged Couple Personal Statement

Important Communication Advices for a Newly Engaged Couple - Personal Statement Example The fourth element is the channel, which is the mechanism that transmits the message. The fifth element is the feedback, which is the return message from the receiver to the sender. Another important element in the communication process is what communication specialists call noises, which tend to disrupt the communication. There are two main noises: mechanical noise and semantic noise. Mechanical noise has to do with such things as static on the radio, lines of type missing from a newspaper, or coughing during a lecture. Semantic noise is the degree of potential misunderstanding between sender and receiver. There are a number of barriers that tend to frustrate, impede, or even halt communication. These barriers may be personal, monological, ideological, or socio-cultural. Personal Barriers can be traced when the sender or receiver or both have negative feelings towards the other. Another example is the physical personal barriers, such as when one of the communicants has a headache or is sleepy. As for the monological barrier, it is when the communicator loses touch with the receivers because he or she is so self-occupied, and is blind to the nature and needs of the audience. On the other hand, many communication problems stem from the fact that communicants have different basic ideologies or political orientations. In addition, communicants will always have trouble communicating if they are not using the same language. Lastly, it is hard to communicate well with someone who has a different culture or belong to a different society. This is due to the differences in values, traditions, background, religion, economic status, etc. Strategies for Managing Interpersonal Conflicts: Dealing with... The management of our own non-verbal communication is extremely important. As nonverbal communication is capable of changing the spoken words in many ways, it is important to realize that we can safeguard our own communication against misinterpretation, if our nonverbal supports our verbal message. In other words, unless we manage the nonverbal attributes of our message so that they are compatible with our words, our total message is open to misinterpretation and may be screwed up. To put it clearly, if the receiver lacks awareness of the significance of the factors influencing the nonverbal communication, then he is likely to remain confused. It can be said that a large portion of a message comes not from the words spoken, but from nonverbal attributes that can be transmitted and received consciously or unconsciously. Such nonverbal communication usually serves a variety of functions in relation to verbal communication. Examples of these functions include repeating, complementing, c ontradicting, substituting, and regulating. Thus, the person who is not only aware of the nonverbal message and the factors influencing it, but also who manages his own nonverbal communication, is less likely to be confused or confusing. Finally, it can be concluded that most researchers agree on the importance and significance of nonverbal attributes in interpersonal communication. This belief is the motive behind the quotation: "What are words when the body can bend, cry, shout, and jump! There's language in one's eyes' and cheeks, lips and hips."